Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is an enlargement or "bulge" that develops in a weakened area within the largest artery in the abdomen.  The pressure generated by each heartbeat pushes against the weakened aortic wall, causing the aneurysm to enlarge.  If the AAA remains undetected, the aortic wall continues to weaken, and the aneurysm continues to grow.  Eventually, the aneurysm becomes so large, and its wall so weak, that rupture occurs.  When this happens there is massive internal bleeding, a situation that is usually fatal.  The only way to break this cycle is to find the AAA before it ruptures. Many AAAs can now be treated with a stent graft (Endovascular Repair) which is performed through small incisions in the groins rather than a large mid-abdominal incision.

Carotid Artery Disease (Stroke)

Carotid artery disease occurs when the main blood vessels to the brain develop a buildup of plaque caused by atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.  When the buildup becomes very severe, it can cause a stroke.  A stroke occurs when part of the brain is damaged by these vascular blockages; in fact, 80% of strokes are "ischemic strokes" where part of the circulation to the brain is cut off, usually due to blockages in the carotid arteries.  The process is similar to the buildup of plaque in arteries in the heart that causes heart attacks.  Strokes are the third leading cause of death in the U.S.  These blockages can be removed with surgery  to help prevent strokes. 

Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) occurs when atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, causes a buildup of plaque in the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to all the tissues of the body.  As these plaques worsen, they reduce essential blood flow to the limbs and can even cause complete blockages of the arteries.  Early on, PAD may only cause difficulty walking with pain in the calves, but in its most severe forms, it can cause painful foot ulcers, infections, and even gangrene, which could require amputation.  People with PAD are three times more likely to die of heart attacks or strokes than those without PAD.  Blockages in the peripheral arteries can often be treated with minimally invasive balloons and stents or open bypass procedures to alleviate pain and prevent or delay the need for amputation.